Master batch approach for developing PVDF/EVA/CNT nanocomposites with co-continuous morphology and improved electrical conductivity

Conducting polymer composites constituted by co-continuous poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/ ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) blends with multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) were prepared by melt mixing using different procedures. The effect of the master batch approach on the conductivity, morphology, mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of PVDF/EVA/CNT nanocomposites was compared with that based on one step mixing strategy. The selective extraction experiments revealed that CNT was preferentially localized in the EVA phase in all situations, even when PVDF@CNT master batch was employed. Nanocomposites prepared with EVA@CNT master batch displayed higher conductivity, whose value reached around 10⁻¹ S m⁻¹ with the addition of 0.56 vol% of CNT. The better electrical performance was attributed to the better distribution of the filler, as indicated by transmission electron microscopy and rheological behavior. The electrical and rheological behavior were also investigated as a function of the CNT content.     

Graphene oxide-containing isocyanate-based polyimide foams: Enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy

Isocyanate-based graphene oxide-containing polyimide foams were synthesized by a semi-prepolymer method. In this method, while the first solution containing pre-polymer was derived from pyromellitic dianhydride and excess polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate (PM200), the second solution contains dianhydride derivatives, water, catalysts, surfactants, and graphene oxide. PIFs were prepared with 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% graphene oxide by weight, respectively. PIFs exhibited a minimum side reaction and urea generation was not seen for all PIFs instead of imide bonding. The addition of graphene oxide (GO) leads to a more close-packed structure. Therefore, crosslinking density and thermal stability of graphene oxide-containing polyimide foams increased. Upon the addition of 1% GO, almost seven times higher compression strength was obtained compared to neat PIFs. Also, LOI values supported the theory that thermally stable and flame retardant PIFs can be synthesized via the isocyanate-based process with GO.     

Effect of pH and zeta potential of Pickering stabilizing magnetite nanoparticles on the features of magnetized polystyrene microspheres

Styrene as a monomer was emulsified in water using several magnetite nanoparticles concentration and pH values. Emulsified styrene drops were used as templates for polymerization, in presence of water soluble free radical initiator, and formation of composite particles. Styrene template drops stabilization was verified by light as well as scanning electron microscopy imaging, which ensured the participation of the particles in building up a mechanical barrier to stop oil drops coalescence. Furthermore, the produced polystyrene composites were strongly attracted to an external magnet. The difference in particles size as a function of pH was elucidated using zeta potential measurements, which indicated dominance of pH on the hydrophilicity of the particles and consequently the extent of emulsification, which in turn affected the size of the obtained microspheres. Under some circumstances, capsules were formed instead of particles. Thereby, it can be concluded that the magnetic microspheres are optimally formed at pH 2.3 independently of the magnetite content used.     

Biobased flexible polyurethane foams manufactured from lactide-based polyester-ether polyols for automotive applications

In this study, biobased polyester-ether polyols derived from meso-lactide and dimer acids were evaluated for flexible polyurethane foams (PUF) applications. Initially, the catalyst concentration was optimized for the biobased PUF containing 30% of biobased polyol (70% petroleum-based polyol). Then, the same formulation was used for biobased PUF synthesis containing 10%–40% of biobased polyols. The performance of biobased PUF was compared with the performance of the control foam made with 100% petroleum-based polyol. The characteristic times (cream, top of the cup, string gel, rise, tack-free) of biobased PUF were determined. The biobased PUF were evaluated for the mechanical (tensile and compressive) and morphological properties. As the wet compression set is important for automotive applications, it was measured for all biobased PUF. The thermal degradation behavior of biobased PUF was also evaluated and compared with the control foam. The effect of different hydroxyl and acid values of polyols on the mechanical properties of biobased PUF is also discussed. The miscibility of all components of PUF formulations is crucial in order to produce a foam with uniform properties. Thus, the miscibility of biobased polyols with commercial petroleum-based polyol was studied.     

计及风光储的冷热电联供系统双层协同优化配置方法

冷热电联供(combined cooling, heat and power,CCHP)系统的高效、经济运行取决于CCHP系统设备容量和运行策略的整体优化。为提高CCHP系统的实用性,文章提出了一种计及风光储的CCHP系统双层协同优化配置方法:外层优化配置以年化总成本最优和污染物排放量最低为目标函数,采用NSGA Ⅱ算法获得设备的容量配置;内层优化配置中采用对偶理论构建鲁棒模型,以考虑污染物排放和购能成本的总运行成本最优为目标函数,得到各设备的优化调度结果。最后,以某园区的CCHP系统为研究对象,采用所提双层协同优化配置方法对该系统进行优化配置,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性,能够兼顾经济性和环保性,有效实现系统的协同优化。     

考虑开关动作次数的多时段配电网动态重构

通过配电网重构来降低网损是一种经济可靠的手段.一方面,鲜有文献研究如何在降低网损同时减少开关的动作次数;另一方面,目前大多数重构模型的求解算法难以保证全局最优解.提出一种基于二阶锥的多时段动态重构方法.以开关状态量为优化变量,以降低网损为优化目标,建立配电网多时段动态重构模型;将重构问题转化为混合整数二阶锥规划问题,采用二阶锥方法对所建模型进行求解,得到配电网最优动态拓扑.在此基础上,通过合并相似的开关状态,从而避免网架结构的频繁改变.通过IEEE33配电系统进行仿真,结果验证了所提方法的有效性与优越性.     

Preparation and lithium storage properties of Mo2N quantum dots@nitrogen-doped graphene composite

To improve the electrochemical lithium storage performance of molybdenum nitrides, Mo₂N quantum dots@nitrogen-doped graphene oxide sponge (Mo₂N-QDs@Ngs) was prepared by hydrothermal reaction, freeze-drying and calcination in H₂/N₂ mixture with ammonium molybdate ((NH₄)Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O), hexamethylenetetramine (C₆H₁₂N₄) and graphene oxide (GO) as raw materials. The effect of GO content on the electrochemical lithium storage performance was investigated. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results show that the size of the prepared Mo₂N quantum dots is about 2—5 nm, and the Mo₂N quantum dots are uniformly distributed on the surface of nitrogen-doped graphene. The electrochemical test results show that when the GO content is 30%, the prepared Mo₂N-QDs@Ngs-30 has the best electrochemical lithium storage performance, which has 699 mA·h·g^-1 specific capacity at the current density of 0.1 A·g^-1, and has 286 mA·h·g^-1 specific capacity even at the current density of 2 A·g^-1.     

基于电磁层析成像技术的接地网导体异常检测

接地网是维护系统安全、保障运行人员及设备安全的重要环节,对其异常状态的有效检测直接关系到电力系统的安全稳定运行.文中研究了基于电磁层析成像(Electromagnetic Tomography,EMT)技术的接地网导体异常状态检测方法,应用改进Landweber迭代算法基于EMT技术测试系统的感应电压测量结果获取了接地网导体的重建图像,定义了图像相关系数对接地网导体的异常状态进行检测.对某35 kV接地网正常与腐蚀、断裂等典型故障下的分析结果表明,将EMT计算引入接地网导体的异常检测具有一定的可行性,且具有非接触、对接地网导体状态变化敏感等优势,所定义的图像相关系数指标能有效识别接地网导体的异常状态.研究结果可为接地网运行状态的准确评估提供重要依据.     

Quantitative determination of corrosion products and adsorbed water on copper in humid air containing SO2 by IR-RAS measurements

The time dependency of the amounts of corrosion products and co-existing adsorbed water on copper in humid air containing SO₂ was estimated from a series of in situ time-resolved IR-RAS spectra on the basis of the relations between the band intensities and the mass changes of the corrosion products, which were determined by simultaneous measurement of IR-RAS and QCM. The amounts of both corrosion products increased slowly at the initial stage and later increased rapidly. Although the relative humidity was kept constant, the amount of adsorbed water increased nearly the same behavior as that of corrosion products in the stage of relatively small amounts of corrosion products and later increased rapidly when the amounts of corrosion products increased. In humid air without SO₂, sulfite gradually decomposed and some of it changed into sulfate.     

Ti与含Ti或B中间合金对铝晶粒细化效果及抗高温衰退能力的影响

对比研究了电解加钛和含钛或硼中间合金对铝的晶粒细化效果及抗高温衰退能力的影响.结果表明,电解加钛和Al-5Ti中间合金在熔体温度较低时具有较好的晶粒细化效果,但随着熔体温度的升高,细化效果均迅速衰退;电解加钛再熔配加Al-4B中间合金可在熔体温度为720℃时获得最佳的细化效果,随着熔体温度的升高细化效果有所衰退,但衰退速度较慢;在加入Al-5Ti的同时加入Al-4B中间合金可明显提高Al-5Ti的晶粒细化效果和抗高温衰退能力,但效果不如电解加钛加Al-4B中间合金;Al-5Ti-1B中间合金具有最强的抗高温衰退能力,随着熔体温度的升高,晶粒不但不粗化反而有所下降,当熔体温度高于900℃时,才出现衰退现象.对试验结果及晶粒细化机制进行了分析.